Table of Content

25 October 2023, Volume 43 Issue 5

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Special Column of Key Technologies for Active Support Control and Optimal Operation for New Power Systems With Power Electronics

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Review of Digital Real Time Hardware-in-Loop Simulation for New Type Power Systems

DU Shanzhou, HUANG Yongbo, LU Guoping, GAO Jin, QIN Yuxiang, LIU Yonglu, YUAN Liang

2023, 43(5):  3-10.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.001

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With the increasing proportion of new energy access and the wide application of power electronic equipment, digital real time hardware-in-the-loop simulation has become an important means of simulation analysis of new power systems. In this context, the paper aims to summarize the research status of digital real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation at home and abroad, and discuss the key technologies for improving simulation efficiency and accuracy as well as the difficulties in the process. This article starts from the development history of digital real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and discusses the component modeling of digital real-time simulation in turn, including R_on/R_off and L/C two types of device modeling methods, summarizes three types of interface circuits of Thevenin equivalent, Norton equivalent and frequency-dependent network equivalent methods, discussed high-speed parallel algorithms, simulation platform architectures based on different computing units and types of hardware-in-the-loop simulation, introduces the basic flow of typical digital real-time hardware-in-loop simulation and its application in new power systems application examples, and finally summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of various architectures and algorithms as well as applicable scenarios.

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Research on Detection Circuit and Method of Ground Insulation Impedance for Photovoltaic Array

LI Jiong, JIANG Li, NING Guangfu, WU Jinbo, HE Zhiqiang

2023, 43(5):  11-15.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.002

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This paper proposes a detection circuit and method of insulation impedance for photovoltaic array, which contains a voltage sampling circuit of photovoltaic negative electrode to the earth, two electronic switches and three balance resistors. In order to balance the sampling resistance, a balance resistor equivalent to the resistance of the voltage sampling branch is always connected in parallel between the positive electrode of the photovoltaic panel and the earth, so that the voltage of the sampling point between the negative electrode of the photovoltaic panel and the earth will not be extremely small when the insulation performance is normal, which reduces the requirements for voltage sampling accuracy. The branch consisting of an electronic switch and a resistor in series is connected between the positive/negative electrodes of the photovoltaic panel and the earth, and the resistor in series is equivalent to the critical insulation impedance that meets the leakage current standard. When the impedance of one electrode of the photovoltaic panel decreases, the other pole electronic switch is closed connected in parallel with the other electrode, and the corresponding balance resistor is connected to improve the sensitivity of the sampling voltage to the impedance change of the circuit, so as to calculate the actual impedance of the circuit. The proposed method can obtain accurate insulation impedance with low-precision voltage sampling, which improves the reliability of detection.

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Research on Dual Active Bridge Converter and It's Hybrid Modulation for New-Generation Power Systems

ZHANG Yiming, XIE Ronghuan, CHEN Xiaoying

2023, 43(5):  16-22.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.003

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The new-generation power systems mainly relies on a high proportion of new energy grid connection. DC transformers is an important energy management unit in new-generation power systems, need to have higher performance and conversion efficiency. In order to reduce current effective value of the DC transformer and improve the control flexibility, this paper proposes a combined dual active bridge converter based on modulated coupled inductor. The proposed converter controls the equivalent inductance of the modulated coupled inductor by modulating pulse-width-modulation signals, without any additional auxiliary circuits. In order to reduce the current effective value of the converter, when the converter operates at light load and the voltage does not match, the coupled inductor can be modulated and controlled to a larger equivalent inductance. When the converter operates at heavy load, the coupled inductor can be modulated and controlled to a smaller equivalent inductance. Meanwhile, a hybrid modulation strategy for the converter is proposed based on the working principle of the modulated coupled inductor, and a minimum current compliance control law is designed. Finally, the proposed converter is validated through experiments, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Multi-Sources Coordinated Dispatch for Multi-Time Scale Isolated Grid Based on Model Predictive Control

DU Shanzhou, HUANG Yongbo, JIAN Yunfeng, XU Jing, SONG Xiaoyu, YUAN Liang

2023, 43(5):  23-30.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.004

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With the development of renewable energy and energy storage technology, there are heterogeneous power sources of multiple energy in the isolated power grid. The randomness and fluctuation of renewable energy bring great challenges to the safe and economic operation of the system. Aiming at the coordinated control of the sources in the isolated power grid, a multi-time scale collaborative optimization strategy of multi-source for isolated power grids based on model predictive control is proposed. A multi-time scale dispatch model of day-ahead, intra-day, real time is constructed to achieve forward-looking and step-by-step regulation of the sources in the isolated grid. A hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem containing continuous variables and binary variables. The proposed model is applied to two isolated systems, through which the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method on ensuring the safe and economic operation of the system are proved.

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Impedance-Emulating Control Strategy for Series-Compensated Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters

DENG Zini, SU Mei,SUN Yao, LIN Jianheng

2023, 43(5):  31-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.005

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To increase the long-distance power transmission capacity of renewable energy power stations, series compensation is a common solution. However, oscillation problems are introduced by the interaction between grid-connected inverter and series-compensated power lines, threatening the safe operation of the power system. To address this challenge, an extended impedance-emulating control strategy without the phase-locked loop is proposed,and the proposed method can stabilize the system in weak grids and high series compensation level grids. Besides, the effectiveness of the method is verified by stability analysis. Eigenvalues analysis is performed to guide parameter design. Finally, theoretical analysis and proposed control strategy are validated with simulation and experimental results.

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Research on High Precision Meteorology and Hydrological Condition Monitoring and Forcasting System in Small Watershed

ZHANG Hongqiang, ZHANG Jun, XIAO Jianhong, YUAN Kaiyi, TIAN Haiping

2023, 43(5):  38-42.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.006

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In view of the remote small watershed with lack of meteorological data, a high-precision meteorological and hydrological condition monitoring and forecasting system for small watersheds is established using remote sensing technology. This system supplements the meteorological data in small watersheds and provides data support for the development of related models such as meteorological forecasts and rainfall-runoff models, so as to fully exert the advantageous position of small hydropower in the power grid and increase the space for new energy consumption.

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A Dual Mode Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm Based on Partial Shading Detection

ZUO Xiaoyun, LUO Zhenzhen, LIU Hongyi

2023, 43(5):  43-48.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.007

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Photovoltaic power generation as an important component of a new type of power electronic system,has random fluctuations.And how to improve its power supply efficiency and reliability becomes a challenging problem.For this reason, this paper proposes a dual-mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on partial shading detection. The photovoltaic power prediction model based on long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) is used to detect partial shading conditions. On this basis, the proposed dual-mode MPPT algorithm considers both normal system operation and localized shading conditions. Based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), MPPT algorithm under partial shading is implemented, while the traditional perturbation observation method is used to implement MPPT algorithm under normal operation conditions. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT method, a PV system model is built and the performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed for different operating conditions in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.

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Fault Diagnosis Method for DC Microgrids Based on Wavelet Relative Sliding Window Energy

SHI Manling, LUO Zhenzhen, ZHENG Xinlong, SU Mei

2023, 43(5):  49-54.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.008

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Aiming at the problem of less fault information and fast current rise and high diagnostic speed requirements under low-impedance faults, a fault diagnosis method based on relative wavelet energy with sliding window and support vector machine is proposed. Based on the acquisition of local current for wavelet decomposition, the proposed method calculates the relative sliding window energy of wavelet coefficients at different levels, so as to construct fault characteristic vectors with low dimensionality and high sensitivity.Combined with multi-classification support vector machine, it can realize rapid and accurate diagnosis of short circuit faults, ground faults and normal working conditions. Simulation tests results based on MATLAB/Simulink show that the proposed fault diagnosis scheme can quickly and accurately identify short circuit faults and ground faults of DC microgrids.

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Bidirectional AC-DC Power Supply Topology and It's Modulation for Mobile V2N Device

QIU Wenhui, QU Yaohui, SU Mei, LI Jinliang, WAN Dai, XU Guo

2023, 43(5):  55-60.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.009

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For the active support application requirements of new energy grid connection, a two-stage structure consisting of a three-phase full bridge AC-DC converter and a dual active bridge (DAB) converter is selected as the research object. Under the influence of parasitic capacitance of devices, DAB converters will face the problem of difficulty in achieving soft switching, and in wide voltage range applications, traditional extended phase shift (EPS) control will bring significant reactive power circulation problems when it is far from the unit voltage gain point. Therefore, a topology structure and its modulation method are proposed, which injects additional excitation current by adding an excitation inductor to ensure the full load range soft switching of the DAB converter. At the same time, traditional EPS control is improved to ensure efficient energy transmission over a wide voltage range. Finally, an experimental prototype of a 20kW all SiC device is built to conduct steady-state testing and soft switching performance testing on the device, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Discontinuous Modulation for a Quasi-Z-Source Inverter With Low Switching Times and High Voltage Gain

YI Wenjing, CAO Kun, MENG Yuwei, LUO Zhaoxu, CHENG Zhun

2023, 43(5):  61-70.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.010

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The quasi-Z-source inverter is widely used to replace traditional two-stage structures due to its advantages of continuous input current and simple structure. Aiming at the problems of complex gate signals generation, excessive switching times of inverter switches, high switching losses, and insufficient voltage gain in the existing modulation strategies, a discontinuous modulation for quasi-Z-source inverter with low switching times and high voltage gain is proposed, which uses fewer reference signals to generate gate signals. At the same time, the switching signals of this discontinuous modulation strategy are clamped to positive or negative pole, which significantly reduces the switching times of the inverter, thereby reducing the switching losses of the switches. In addition, the shoot-through duration and the insertion position are reasonably planned to achieve the greatest voltage gain. The correctness and effectiveness of the modulation strategy are verified by MATLAB/PLECS simulation analysis and RT-LAB experimental results.

Researches and Tests

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Review on Non-Contact Voltage/Electric Field Sensors

KE Kun, YANG Qing, QIU Zhenhui, LIAO Wei, ZHOU Jianglin

2023, 43(5):  71-78.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.011

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Safe and accurate acquisition of electrical parameter data of the power system can ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system. Compared with traditional voltage measurement, non-contact measurement technology has higher safety because it does not need to have a direct electrical connection with the primary equipment, and has the characteristics of small size, frequency bandwidth, and good transient response characteristics, which can meet the needs of modern power grid distributed sensor networks. This paper introduces in detail the technologies of coupling capacitive voltage sensing, voltage sensing based on current integration method, D-dot electric field sensing, electric field sensing based on electro-optical effect, piezoelectric effect, and electrostatic induction effect, analyzes the advantages and existing problems of the above sensing technology, and introduces the method of electric field inversion voltage. Finally, the development prospect of non-contact voltage/electric field sensing technology is prospected.

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Power Devices and Abnormal Object Detection of Transmission Lines Based on Improved RetinaNet Algorithm

PENG Ziyang, CHEN Nuotian, YI Junfei, TAO Ziming, MAO Jianxu, XIE Jinying

2023, 43(5):  79-84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.012

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In this paper,aiming at the problems that power equipment may be occluded and the detection target is small and difficult to identify, adaptive training sample selection strategy is adopted to solve the equipment occlusion problem. Additionally, the CIoU loss function is utilized to overcome difficulties in detecting small targets, further enhancing detection accuracy. Furthermore, data augmentation methods are employed to increase algorithm robustness and optimize detection performance.Both theoretical analysis and practical results demonstrate that the optimized algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of detecting power equipment and abnormal targets in transmission lines, thus achieving effective dectection of power components and abnormal targets on transmission lines.

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Experimental Study on Coal Combustion Catalyzed by Metallic Compounds

RAO Hua, XU Huifang, WU Aijun, BIN Yiyuan, DU Wei, CHENG Shan

2023, 43(5):  85-91.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.013

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The combustion experiment of Hunan bituminous coal was carried out under air atmosphere with the final temperature of 1150 ℃ by thermogravimetric analysis.Different proportions of CaO, Fe₂O₃, NaCl and MgO in coal was adding to explore the influence of metal compounds on the combustion characteristics of coal. The experimental results show that the ignition temperature can be reduced, and the combustion stability can be improved and the combustion efficiency can be improved by adding a certain amount of metal compounds into the pulverized coal. The metal compounds CaO, Fe₂O₃, NaCl and MgO have different catalytic effects on the combustion of pulverized coal. The addition of NaCl and Fe₂O₃ makes the combustion of pulverized coal violent, which is conducive to the burnout of pulverized coal. The effect of NaCl on comprehensive catalytic combustion is the best,and the ignition temperature of the sample with NaCl decreases about 22 ℃.The identification index of C_b ,G and H_j increase with the decrease of MgO percentage, and the flammability is better. The addition of CaO and MgO will increase the ignition temperature of pulverized coal, and the combustion stability and burnout effect of pulverized coal will become worse, and the influence of CaO is greater than that of MgO. The catalytic combustion effect is best when the NaCl content is 8%.

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Study and Optimization on Heat Transfer Performance of Symmetric Inclined Fin Reinforcement Plate Radiator

WU Youran, SHI Chunyu, LIU Wei, ZHANG Xuewei, LIU Zhichun

2023, 43(5):  92-98.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.014

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A numerical study is carried out on the rectangular air passage between adjacent fins in the chip radiator of a large oil-immersed transformer, and the length L_f and height H_f of the symmetric diagonal ribs are taken as structural parameters to control the shape of the diagonal ribs. The numerical results show that L_f and H_f have a synergistic effect on increasing Nusselt number (Nu)of rectangular channel, while H_f has a stronger influence on friction coefficient f of rectangular channel. The proxy model between the objective performance and design parameters of rectangular channel is established by Kriging model. Finally, the optimal parameter combination is obtained by multi-objective optimization algorithm. Under this parameter combination, the Nu of rectangular channel is increased to 2.26 times, the f is increased to 3.39 times, and the comprehensive heat transfer performance index is 1.52.

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An Isolated SWISS Rectifier with Low Voltage Stress

ZHOU Wanchuan, ZHANG Xu, LUO Zhaoxu, CHENG Zhun

2023, 43(5):  99-108.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.015

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In order to solve the problems of high voltage stress in high-frequency switching tubes of SWISS-forward rectifier and the straight-through risk of SWISS phase-shift full-bridge rectifier, a dual-transistor forward SWISS rectifier topology is proposed in this paper. The fusion of the dual-transistor forward converter and SWISS rectifier not only provides direct galvanic isolation for the SWISS rectifier but also reduces the voltage stress of the high-frequency switching transistor. At the same time, each bridge arm of the output circuit is composed of a diode and a switch in series, which ensures the reliability of the rectifier. The working principle of the dual-transistor forward SWISS rectifier and the voltage stress of the switching tube are analyzed in detail, and a two-stage filter is designed to suppress the current oscillation in order to solve the problem of input current distortion at the sector boundary. Finally, the feasibility of the rectifier topology and the effectiveness of the control method are verified on the simulation platform.

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Maximum Power Tracking of Wind Power Generation System Based on Improved Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Inversion Control

LI Shengqing, CHEN Xin, WEN Yanxi, YAO Hongde, DENG Na

2023, 43(5):  109-115.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.016

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To address the problems of non-linearity, uncertainty of system parameters and external disturbances in maximum power tracking of permanent magnet direct-drive wind turbine systems,a non-singular fast terminal sliding mode inversion control strategy based on a finite-time disturbance observer is proposed. For the speed tracking problem, the system parameter uncertainty and external disturbances are defined as set-total disturbances, which are compensated after fast and accurate estimation by the observer. The inverse control method is used to deal with the nonlinear system, and the virtual control law is designed in combination with the dynamic surface control, while the sliding mode control law is designed to improve the convergence speed and tracking accuracy of the system. The stability and effectiveness of the system are demonstrated by Lyapunov theory and simulation experiments.

New technology and Application

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Research on Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for 18-Phase Wind Power Generation System

ZHOU Shijia, HUANG Shoudao, RONG Fei, YANG Guangyuan, XIN Qingming

2023, 43(5):  116-120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.017

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Based on the winding structure characteristics of an 18 phase wind power generation system, the fault conditions of a multi-phase wind turbine are analyzed. The faults that may occur in the multi-phase motor system can be directly regarded as open circuit faults, equivalent to the phase loss operation of the motor. By analyzing the mechanism of energy transmission on the grid side and the machine side, the reference value of the output current of the three-phase uncontrolled rectifier after winding open circuit and converter module fault in the system has been readjusted, and corresponding fault-tolerant control methods have been proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the current redistribution control strategy for converter module faults and the DC short circuit fault control strategy is verified through simulation.

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Beautification Algorithm of Distribution Network GIS Diagram for Distribution Network Based on Tyson Polygon

CHEN Ting, XU En, WANG Haowen, XIE Xiaolin, WU Qian

2023, 43(5):  121-128.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.018

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Based on the demand for GIS graphic aesthetic technology, the urgent demand for GIS graphic aesthetics technology has always existed among planners. This article applies the buffer skeleton line extraction technology based on Tyson polygon to the distribution network GIS map and proposes a distribution network GIS map beautification algorithm based on Tyson polygon. Firstly, several feeders with similar distances are merged into a whole through buffering processing to obtain an envelope buffer zone. Using Tyson polygon, the center line of the buffer zone and the specific feeder section contained in each“corridor”are obtained. The connection relationship between the upper and lower line segments of the whole feeder is obtained by the“forward and backward”method.Finally the relevant distribution equipment and switching equipment are connected to their feeder segments, that is, the beautification of the whole feeder is completed.This algorithm solves the technical difficulty of beautifying the single line diagram of the distribution network GIS, and can be used for planning and compiling the geographical wiring diagram of the distribution network after program automation processing.

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A New Method of Measuring Capacitance Current for Distribution Network Based on Actual Power Production

RAO Xinliang, GONG Heteng, HU Haining, SHI Yingchun, LIU Weike, TIAN Rui

2023, 43(5):  129-133.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.019

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The distribution network system mainly composed of power cables is gradually replacing the traditional overhead line distribution network system. The capacitive current of urban distribution network systems is growing rapidly, and the traditional capacitive current measurement methods that need to exit arc suppression coils can no longer meet the actual needs of power production. Therefore, aiming at the actual situation of power production, this article summarizes and analyzes the principles and limitations of traditional capacitance current measurement methods in production applications, and proposes a new method with arc suppression coils for measuring capacitance current in distribution networks. This method reconstructs the capacitance current measurement model by introducing two new variables (arc suppression coil inductance L and damping resistance r), derives the high-order differential equation of the ground capacitance of the 10 kV distribution network system, and solves it using an iterative algorithm. The effectiveness and correctness of this method have been verified through the field test of 10 kV real distribution network test field, and the safety and efficiency of capacitive current test effort have been further improved.

Experience and Discussion

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Comparison Research on Local Velocity Measurement Techniques for Liquid Metal

XIAO Hui, LIU Zhichun, WANG Suhao, ZHANG Xianjun, LAN Zhike, ZHUO Wenbin, WANG Sheng

2023, 43(5):  134-143.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.020

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The flow field affects the flow rate, temperature, oxygen concentration and stress distribution in key equipment of energy system. Obtaining accurate flow field distribution can help improve the structural design ability and system operation reliability. In order to select suitable methods for measuring flow field in liquid metal cooled reactor of advanced nuclear energy system, it is reviewed the suitable measurement techniques for local flow velocity of liquid metal. And the research progress as well as advantages and disadvantages of different measurement techniques are compared. It is found that there are no mature metal flow field measuring instruments for engineering application at present. As for the invasive method, the technology maturity of pitot tube, electromagnetic probe, and eddy current flowmeter probe is relatively high. As for the non-invasive method, the maturity of ultrasonic doppler velocimetry is the highest while the contactless inductive flow tomography is better in application prospects. On this basis, measurement techniques are recommended for typical operating situations in nuclear reactors, among which the contactless inductive method has wider applicability due to its nature of no added particles and high time resolution.

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Research on Coordination and Optimization of Large Scale Electric Vehicles Connected to Microgrid Using Improved Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm

KANG Tong, ZHU Jiran, TANG Haiguo, ZHOU Hengyi, ZHOU Kehui

2023, 43(5):  144-150.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.21

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Aiming at the optimization and coordination operation of electric vehicles connected to microgrid, the architecture, operation mode, output characteristics and mathematical model of microgrid including electric vehicles are analyzed , and the disorderly charging load model of electric vehicles is established by using Monte Carlo method. An objective function is established to minimize the comprehensive cost and peak-valley difference of microgrid. To solve the complex, high-dimensional and model and enhance the performance of original symbiotic organisms search algorithm(SOS), a novel improved symbiotic organisms search algorithm algorithm(ImSOS)is proposed. In ImSOS, a quasi-reflection-based learning scheme is employed in the population initialization step of original SOS. Moreover, the strategy of the modifications of benefit factors is used in the mutualism phase of SOS. A strategy of narrowing the search range of randomly generated coefficients is adopted in the commensalism phase of SOS. Finally, by setting up scenarios of disordered charging and coordinated optimized operation of electric vehicles, the output comprehensive operating cost and peak-valley difference in microgrid are compared. The result presents the scientificity and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

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Accurate Classification Method of Power Customers Based on Jieba Chinese Word Segmentation

GAO Pan, LI Fei, PENG Yuanhao, ZHANG Canhui, PENG Haijun

2023, 43(5):  151-154.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008- 0198.2023.05.022

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Aiming at the customer segmentation in the basic data of electric power marketing, an innovative method is proposed to achieve accurate classification of major customers based on jieba Chinese word segmentation. A self-defined dictionary containing the basic categories of customers is constructed, and jieba is used to complete the segmentation of the text data. The classification feature database is built based on the classification rules of high-frequency words and keywords in the word segmentation results. The classification feature database is used as the input of the neural network pre-training model to train the neural network model of customer classification, and the accurate classification results of power customers are finally output. This method solves the problem of unclear user category or too complicated classification method in the current power system database and provides the basis for the power company to develop differentiated customer service.